ACCA F2考試復習重點整理 ·管理會計

1.Target cost= target selling price – target profit = market price – desired profit margin.

2. cost gap= estimated cost – target cost.

3. TQM :

preventing costs

appraisal costs

internal failure costs

external failure cost

4. Alternative costing principle:

ABC(activity based costing)

Target costing

Life cycle

TQM

5. Laspeyre

6. Paashe price index

7. Fisher

8. Time series:

trend

seasonal variation: ⑴ 加法模型sum to zero; ⑵ 乘法模型sum to 4

cyclical variation

random variation

9. pricipal budget factor 關鍵預算因子：be limited the activities

10. budget purpose :

communication

coordination

compel the plan

motivative employees

resource allocation

11. Budget committee 的功能：①coordinated ②administration

12. Budget : ①function budget ②master budget : 1. P&L ; 2. B/S ; 3. Cash Flow

13. Fixed Budget: 不是在于固不固定，而是基于一個業(yè)務量的考慮，financail expression. Flexible Budget: 包含了固定成本和變動成本，并且變動成本的變化是隨著業(yè)務量的變化而改變。

14. Flexible Budget 的優(yōu)點：

recognize different cost behavior.

improve quality and a comparison of like with like

help managers to forecast cost, revenue and profit.

15. Flexible Budget 的缺點：

假設太簡單。

需要更多的時間準備預算編制。

16. Controllable cost is a “cost which can be influenced by ” its budget holder. 大部分的變動成本是可控的，non-controllable cost 為inflation.

17. Budget Behavior :

participate approach

imposed budget

18. payback 投資回收期的缺點：

ignore profitability

the time value of money is ignored

沒有考慮項目后期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益

arbitray 武斷

19. payback 投資回收期的優(yōu)點：

easy to calculate

widely use

minimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity

★ 如果在算投資回收期的時候，發(fā)生折舊，則需要加回折舊，因為折舊是非現(xiàn)金項目。

20.(1+ real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate) = ( 1+ nominal interest rate)

21. NPV = present value of future net cash flow – present value of initial cost

22. 永續(xù)年金=A/i

23.每年的匯報是相同的就查看年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)表，不同的就查看年金系數(shù)表。

24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n – 1 有效年利率

25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)

IRR> cost of capital, NPV >0, worth taking

IRR< cost of capital, NPV <0, not worthwhile.

26.ARR=average profit/ average investment (ARR 是基于profit)

Average investment = (initial investment – residual value)/2

27. type of standard:

basic standard

current standard

ideal standard

attainable standard

28.Variance

1．Material Variance

⑴total material variance= standard cost –actual cost

⑵material price variance= (standard price – actual price )* actual quantity

⑶material usage variance=(standard usage of actual output- actual usage) * standard price.

2．Direct Labor Variance

⑴standard pay – actual pay

⑵Labor rate variances= (standard rate – actual rate) * actual hrs of actual output

⑶Labor efficiency variances= (standard hrs of actual output – actual hrs) * standard rate

3．Variable production overhead variances

⑴Total variable O.H. variance = standard cost – actual cost

⑵Variable O.H. expenditure variance = (standard rate – actual rate) * actual hrs

⑶Variable O.H. efficiency variance = (standard hrs of actual output – actual hrs) * standard rate

4．Fixed O.H. expenditure variance

Fixed O.H. Expenditure variance= budget expenditure – actual expenditure

Fixed O.H. volume = (actual output - budgeted volume) * standard hrs per unit * standard rate per hr.

Capacity variance= (actual hrs worked – budgeted hrs worked) * standard rate per hr

Efficiency variance= (standard hrs worked for actual output – actual hrs worked)* standard rate per hr

⑴+⑵：Fixed O.H. total variance= fixed O.H. absorbed – actual expenditure

5．Sales variance

Sales price variances = (actual price – budget price) * actual sales units

Sales volume variances = (actual sales units –budget sales units) * standard profit per unit  (absorption)

Sales volume variances = (actual sales units –budget sales units) * standard CPU (marginal costing)

6．Idle time variances

Idle time variance = (expected idle time – actual idle time)* adjusted hr rate

29. The elements of a mission statement including:

Purpose

Strategy

Policies and standards of behavior

Values and culture

30. A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.

31. Profitability ratios

Return on capital employed (ROCE) =profit before interest and tax /(shareholders’ funds+ long-term liabilities) × 100%

Return on equity (ROE)=profit after tax / shareholders’ funds × 100%

Asset turnover=sales/ capital employed× 100%=sales/(shareholders’ funds+ long-term liabilities) × 100%

Profit margin= profit before interest and tax / sales × 100%

Profit margin × asset turnover = ROCE

32. Debt and gearing ratios

Debt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities / total equity × 100%

Interest cover=PBIT/ Interest× 100%

33. Liquidity ratios

Current ratio =current assets/ current liabilities

Quick ratio ( acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory / current liabilities

34. Working capital ratios

Inventory days= average inventory *365 / cost of sales

Receivables days= average trade receivables * 365 / sales

Payables days= average trade payables *365 / cost of sales (or purchases)

35. Non-financial performance measures

Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.

1 Market share

Innovation

Growth

Productivity

Quality

Social aspects

36. The balanced scorecard :

financial perspective

external perspective

customer perspective

learning and innovation perspective

37. Benchmarking :

Internal benchmarking

Competitive benchmarking

Functional benchmarking

Strategic benchmarking

38. Value analysis is a planned, scientific approach to cost reduction, which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.

39. Four aspects of 'value' should be considered:

Cost value

Exchange value

Utility value

Esteem value

40. ROI=PBIT / capital employed *100%

Widely used and accepted; As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.

41. RI=PBIT- Imputed interest * capital employed.

Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets; Cost of finance is being considered.

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