Organizational Culture and Environment：The Constraints

1、Omnipotent view of management：管理萬能論：

The view that managers are directly responsible for an organization‘s success or failure.

管理者對組織的成敗負有直接責任。

2、Symbolic view of management ：管理象征論：

The view that managers have only a limited effect on substantive organizational outcomes because of the large number of factors outside their control.

管理者影響結果的能力受外部因素的制約和約束。

3、Organizational culture：組織文化

A system of shared meaning within an organization that determines in large degree how employees act.

組織成員共有的價值和體系。這一體系在很大程度上決定了組織成員的行為方式。

4、Strong culture ：強文化

Organizations in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared.

強烈擁有并廣泛共享基本價值觀的文化。

5、Socialization： 社會化

The process that adapts employees to the organization‘s Culture

是指雇員適應組織文化所經歷的過程。

6、External environment ：外部環(huán)境

Outside institutions or forces that potentially affect an organization‘s performance.

指能夠對組織績效造成潛在影響的外部力量和機構。

7、Specific environment ：具體環(huán)境

The part of the environment that is directly relevant to the achievement of an organization‘s goals.

包括那些對管理者的決策和行動產生直接的影響并與實現(xiàn)組織目標直接相關的要素。

8、General environment ：一般環(huán)境

Broad external conditions that may affect the organization.

包括可能影響組織的廣泛的經濟條件；政治/法律條件；社會文化條件；技術條件和全球條件。

9、Environmental uncertainty：環(huán)境的不確定性

The degree of change and complexity in an organization‘s environment.

組織環(huán)境的變化程度和復雜程度。

10、Environmental complexity：環(huán)境復雜性

The number of components in an organization‘s environment and the extent of an organization’s knowledge about its environmental components.

組織環(huán)境中的要素數量以及組織所擁有的與這些要素相關的知識廣度。

11、Stakeholders：利益相關者

Any constituencies in the organization‘s external environment that are affected by an organization’s decisions and actions （and that can influence the organization.）

組織外部環(huán)境中受組織決策和行動影響的任何相關者。

12、Boundary spanning：跨域管理

Interacting in specific ways with various external stakeholders to gather and disseminate important information.

采用更具體的方式與各種外部利益相關者開展互動合作，以收集和傳播重要的信息。

13、Stakeholder partnerships：利益相關者伙伴關系

Proactive arrangements between an organization and a stakeholder to pursue common goals

為追求共同目標而在組織和利益相關者之間達成的非正式協(xié)議。

14、Workplace spirituality： 工作場所的精神境界

A recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community

一種對生命內在意義的認識，這種認識培育了團體環(huán)境下工作的意義，同時也受到后者的滋養(yǎng)

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